Лестницу из бетона совсем не сложно сделать своими руками, главное правильно произвести все расчеты и точно знать все этапы работу. Далее в статье мы попробуем с этим разобраться.
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Преимущества
Бетонную лестницу, в отличие от деревянной, закладывают еще на этапе строительства. Устройство бетонной лестницы является составной частью строения, поэтому значительно усиливает прочность всей конструкции.
Лестница из бетона очень прочная и надежная, поэтому она будет служить вам долгие годы.
Бетон стойкий к влаге и обладает минимальным риском возгорания, кроме того, стальная арматура в основе имеет надежную защиту от корозии.
Такая лестница стойка к любым внешним воздействиям и без проблем способна выдержать усиленную эксплуатацию.
Виды бетонных лестниц
Бетонные лестницы бывают двух видов:
Монолитные бетонные лестницы представляют обычную установку, которая может применяться практически в любом месте, к примеру, в подвале, на улице или для крыльца.
Комбинированные бетонные лестницы для дома в основном являют собой сложную металлоконструкцию, которая выступает в качестве каркаса для крепления ступеней из бетона. Для отлива ступеней используют опалубку с армирующей сеткой, а для изготовления самих ступеней используют бетон, щебень из гранита и мраморную крошку. После высыхания бетонной смеси поверхность тщательно полируют.
Подготовительный этап — расчет бетонной лестницы
Так как же построить бетонную лестницу? Перед тем, как начинать строительные работы, следует вымерять пространство под лестницу, начертить схему конструкции, поставить требуемые размеры бетонной лестницы и произвести некоторые расчеты. Цена бетонной лестницы в большей степени зависит от сложности конструкции.
Также стоит не забывать обо всех строительных нормах. При проведении расчетов и планировании лестницы следует обязательно учесть высоту и ширину лестницы, количество и высоту самих ступеней, и удобство шага подъема. Также необходимо подумать о наличии марша лестницы, изготовлении ограждения и обустройстве важных деталей для лестницы.
Для начала, следует определиться с таким важным составляющим любой лестницы, как угол подъема. При выборе данного параметра, следует опираться на удобство, оптимальные размеры марша и сложность самой постройки. К примеру, приемлемый угол бетонной лестницы, которая расположится внутри частного дома, становит 25- 45.
На рисунке ниже можно увидеть зависимость габаритов лестницы от угла подъема. К примеру, для бетонной лестницы с углом 45 проекция пролета становит 3 метра, с углом подъема 35 проекция составляет 4,3 метра, а при угле 25 — около 6,4 метра. Расход бетона для построения лестницы с углом подъему 25, в отличие от лестницы под углом 45, повышается в 2, 35 раза.
Теперь можно перейти к расчету высоты и ширины ступеней. Они определяются из средней длины шага взрослого человека, который становит 60-64 сантиметра. При выборе ширины и высоты ступени должно выполняться условие:
2*Н+L = 60 -64 см., где:
H высота ступени;
L ширина ступени.
Итак, произведем расчет бетонной лестницы:
17 см. + отделка высота ступени;
28-30 см. + отделка ширина ступени;
8-9 см. ширина пролета лестницы.
Сборка опалубки
Изготовление бетонной лестницы следует начинать со сборки опалубки. От ее прочности зависит надежность и красота всего лестничного построения.
Для производства опалубки чаще всего употребляют водостойкую фанеру или обрезную доску. Для исключения вытекания цементной жидкости рекомендуется применять фанеру с плотно прижатыми друг к другу досками.
Опалубка может быть произведена для каждой ступени отдельно или быть общей для всей лестницы. Первый вариант опалубки используется сделать в том случае, если необходимо получить идеальные по ширине и высоте ступени. Здесь можно смонтировать опалубку для одной лестницы, а затем постепенно, по мере готовности переставлять ее на другие ступени. Но процесс постройки лестницы с опалубкой для одной ступени занимает больше времени.
На первом этапе сборки опалубки для бетонной лестницы вам понадобится:
В случае с криволинейной поверхностью, то фанера и обрезная доска должны быть узкими (до 9 и 15 мм соответственно).
Основные составляющие опалубки монолитной бетонной лестницы:
В опалубке должны отсутствовать разнообразные щели и выемки.
Лучше всего для крепления элементов опалубки применять саморезы по дереву диаметром 3,5 мм, так как обычные гвозди будет сложно извлекать при демонтаже. Также для монтажа опалубки понадобятся и другие дополнительные элементы, к примеру, перфорированные уголки. Следует еще отметить, что для избегания впитывания воды из бетона в дерево, его следует покрыть краской, рубероидом или специальной пленкой. По бокам опалубки следует сделать подпорки в виде колышек для того, чтобы во время заливания бетона конструкция не развалилась.
Самым простым способом сборки опалубки является тот вариант, когда лестницу нужно разместить между двумя стенами. В этом случае боковую опалубку сооружать не нужно, а элементы опалубки для самой лестницы можно привинтить к стенам, предварительно начертив контуры.
Более сложный вариант опалубки это одномаршевая лестница с прямоугольным сечением. Здесь, в сравнении с предыдущим вариантом, прибавляется еще боковая опалубка. Но, такая лестница имеет простую конструкцию, поэтому сборка опалубки особых сложностей не принесет.
Конечно же, более эффектно будут смотреться бетонные лестницы спиральной формы, но они требуют более трудоемкой работы. Сложность заключается в том, что в этой лестницы присутствует большое количество щитов неправильной формы, которые и формируют спиральную поверхность.
Монтаж и вязка арматуры
Следующий этап строения бетонной лестницы это арматурный каркас лестницы. Он содействует укреплению всей лестничной конструкции.
Вдоль несущих граней укладывают стальные прутья и соединяют поперечными связями. Армирующую сетку желательно крепить с помощью сварочного аппарата, но в случае если он отсутствует, то можно использовать специальную вязальную проволоку, а соединять с помощью крючка, зажав его предварительно в электрический шуруповерт.
Для того чтобы соблюдать требуемое расстояние в 3 сантиметра между арматурой и нижней частью опалубки, рационально использовать специальные фиксаторы из пластика.
Также по всей длине марша следует армирующий каркас прикрепить к стене. Для этого в стене сверлят отверстия требуемого диаметра, а затем с помощью молотка забивают штыри в стену.
Такой армирующий каркас предоставляет прекрасную прочность бетонному основанию.
Затем производят монтаж закладных деревянных пробок или специально предназначенных металлических пластин для будущего ограждения лестницы. Только после этого приступают к бетонным работам.
Бетонные работы
После трудоемкой работы по сборке опалубки и арматурного каркаса можно перейти к бетонированию нашей лестницы.
Чтобы бетонный раствор был достаточно плотным, слудет додерживатся следующих пропорций в объемных частях(литры):
Бетонный раствор следует тщательно перемешать, желательно в бетономешалке, так как при плохом смешивании прочность бетона может снизиться до 20%. В том случае, если раствор вам покажется слишком плотным, то объемную часть воды можно увеличить до 10, но не более.
Отливают бетонную лестницу обычно сверху вниз, а трамбуют и выравнивают раствор при помощи мастерка.
После того, как вы произвели отливку лестницы, открытую поверхность бетона следует накрыть пленкой из полиэтилена для того, чтобы бетон набрал требуемой прочности.
Облицовка лестницы
После полного высыхания бетонного раствора (3-4 недели при комнатной температуре) можно перейти к облицовке лестницы. Снимают грани опалубки, закладные и поверхности ступеней обрабатывают шлифовальной машиной для достижения идеально гладкой поверхности. Внешний вид бетонной лестницы это предпочтения и дело вкуса хозяина. Чаще всего облицовку бетонной лестницы производят панелями из дерева, керамической плиткой, декоративным камнем или керамогранитом. Сегодня также существует огромное количество лестничных ограждений сварные, сборные, из алюминия, комбинированные.
Для того чтобы рассчитать стоимость бетонной лестницы, необходимо учесть размеры и количество ступеней, сложность конструкции, вид отделочного материала и ограждения.
Готовые бетонные лестницы — фото наглядных примеров облицовки
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