Слова «кабель» и «провод» — не синонимы. Для потребителя они означают одно и то же. Но при столкновении с ремонтом проводки, электрических изделий, прокладке сети сразу возникает вопрос: «Чем отличается кабель от провода?». В сметах строители указывают необходимое количество и тех и других изделий. И дело не в литературном чутье, не позволяющем использовать одно и то же слово несколько раз подряд.
Кабели и провода обладают одной и той же сферой применения. Просто первые лучше защищены от внешних воздействий. Ассортимент кабелей огромен: от небольших изделий, через которые поступает ток к портативной технике, до огромных линий, подключаемых напрямую к электростанциям. Проводом пользуются реже, чаще всего — внутри электронных устройств, под защитой их оболочки.
Главные отличия
Провод — многожильный или одножильный проводник в трубчатой изоляции или без изоляции. Это просто отрезок меди или алюминия, который может иметь защиту от внешних влияний.
Одножильный и многожильный провода
Кабель — система изолированных проводников, которые объединены одной оболочкой. То есть главное, чем отличается провод от кабеля — изоляция, защита от внешних влияний. По сути, вся кабельная продукция — это провода в оболочке, скрученные вместе и защищенные несколькими слоями разных материалов.
Кабель
Отличия между изделиями описаны в таблице ниже.
Когда отличие кабеля от провода очевидно, возникает проблема подбора продукции. И те и другие изделия классифицируются по разным признакам. Их стоит подбирать, исходя из ситуации, места использования. Чем выше характеристики продукции, тем дороже она стоит. Покупка просто самого дорогого изделия — напрасная трата денег, ведь не всегда его возможности будут использоваться полностью. Иногда использование отдельных видов продукции запрещено. Например, бронированные кабели имеют низкую прочность на растяжение, поэтому не применяются в воздушных линиях электропередачи.Типы изделий
Классификация проводов
Важно знать об отличии проводов разного типа между собой. Это поможет правильно выбрать изделия, необходимые для ремонта электроники, бытовой техники.
Классификация изделий проводится по количеству жил:
Монолитные провода. Имеют только одну, целую жилу. Подобная продукция при прочих равных условиях имеет меньшее сопротивление. Поэтому при передаче информации создается меньше помех. Одножильные провода используют, когда нужно снизить количество шумов при высоких частотах. Недостаток — в низкой прочности на изгиб. Такие изделия не стоит много раз перегибать.
Многожильные — состоят из тонких проволок, перекрученных между собой. Благодаря этому повышается механическая прочность изделий. Если они переламываются, то не полностью — обрывается только несколько жилок, что незначительно влияет на характеристики.
Провода бывают медными и алюминиевыми. Первые превосходят вторые по всем параметрам, в том числе — по цене. Алюминиевые провода мене долговечны и прочны, но дешевле стоят.
Классификация кабельных изделий
Кабели разделяют по гибкости на 7 классов. Первый — самый жесткий. Он имеет только одну жилу и не терпит большого количества изгибов. Продукция используется при скрытой установке — в грунте, стенах и пр. Гибкие изделия стоят дороже, но обладают широкой сферой применения. Их можно использовать в подвижных механизмах.
Важная характеристика кабеля — тип его изоляции. Она описывается в маркировке продукции. Существует несколько видов оболочек:
Защищающая от механических повреждений — броня. Её делают из стальных лент или алюминиевой проволоки. Броня может быть намотана одним или несколькими слоями.
Изолирующая — защищает от проникновения влаги, пыли. Создается из полимеров или эластомеров. Может обладать дополнительными свойствами: масло-, бензостойкостью, негорючестью, устойчивостью к химическим веществам.
Защищающая от электромагнитных помех, паразитных токов — экранировка. Создается в виде алюминиевого покрытия, сетчатой оплетки или комбинации этих материалов. Для повышения прочности на растяжение фольгу могут наматывать не сплошным слоем, а спиралью. Сетка дополнительно повышает механическую прочность изделия.
При прочих равных условиях чем больше оболочек в продукции, тем она дороже стоит, больше весит и дольше служит. Кабель в двойной внешней изоляции можно использовать на протяжении минимум 30 лет, в одинарной — 15 лет. Поэтому, чтобы оптимизировать финансовые и трудовые затраты, для каждой конкретной цели подбирают подходящие варианты.
Также кабели делят по показателю напряжения тока, который можно через них пропустить. В зависимости от этого показателя выделяют низковольтную продукцию (до 1 кВ) и высоковольтную. Визуальное отличие этих видов кабелей — в толщине. Чем толще жила, тем больше тока она способна пропустить не перегревшись.
При выборе важно помнить следующее:
В помещениях с повышенной температурой воздуха, например в саунах и банях, применяют специальные изделия в термостойкой оболочке.
Термостойкость и негорючесть — разные показатели. Поэтому продукция, в маркировке которой есть буквосочетание «нг» не обязательно подойдет для помещений с экстремальными температурами.
Маркировка Е120, Е30 и пр. означает, что кабель способен передавать электричество даже если на него воздействует огонь. Цифра обозначения означает количество минут, которые способно функционировать изделие. Такую продукцию применяют в системах безопасности.
Для прокладки в грунте нужен кабель с полиэтиленовой оболочкой — материал хорошо сопротивляется разложению, в чем заключается его отличие от ПВХ.
Кабель с полиэтиленовой оболочкой допустимо прокладывать как открытым способом, так и в грунте.
Создание сметы для работ по прокладке кабелей — задача профессионалов. Нужно оценить много факторов перед тем, как подобрать подходящий по характеристикам провод. Неправильный выбор как минимум приведет к быстрому выходу из строя всей проводки.
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