Впервые декорирование помещения лепниной появилось в 17 веке. Лепка обрела невиданную популярность среди архитекторов, ведь стало возможным изготовлять элементы плавных форм, которые органично вписывались в любой интерьер, отличаясь восхитительной игрой светотени и особенным матовым светом. Сначала лепнину использовали для декора стен, позже, начали украшать потолки, камины, арки и окна.
Сначала, материалом для лепки служил дорогой мягкий камень, позже начали использовать более бюджетные варианты гипс и алебастр. Каждый элемент будущей композиции опытные мастера делали самостоятельно, своими руками, вкладывая часть души. Первая лепка была сделана в стиле барокко, позже популярностью пользовался классицизм. В современной архитектуре можно встретить все стили от барокко до ультрасовременного и модерна.
Лепнина на стене своими руками
Особенную изысканность и роскошь помещению придаёт лепнина на стене, своими руками, сделать которую не составит труда. Для этого нужно проявить немного фантазии, подготовить нужные материалы и инструменты, сделать макет и воплотить задумку в реальность.
Чаще всего для этого используют гипс. Он экологически безопасный, так как имеет органическое происхождение. Современная гипсовая лепнина отличается стойкостью к повреждениям и прочностью. Также, гипс стойкий к образованию плесени и препятствует развитию микроорганизмов. Но стоит учитывать, что фигура может иметь тяжёлый вес, поэтому требует дополнительные меры крепления.
Необходимые материалы и инструменты
Перед тем, как начать творить шедевры из лепнины, стоит подготовить некоторые инструменты и запастись расходными материалами. Для работы понадобится:
1. Гипс строительный.
2. Клей ПВА, пластилин.
3. Цемент, если большие элементы.
4. Силикон и силиконовое масло.
5. Рулетка или линейка, мерный стакан.
6. Шпатели, инструменты для лепки (ножи, стеки), кисть узкая.
Необходимо подготовить ровную рабочую поверхность. Её нужно защитить плотной плёнкой, так как силикон прилипает, а гипс сильно пылит. Если раньше с лепкой не сталкивались, лучше сразу потренироваться на черновых мелких деталях, а потом приниматься за чистовую работу.
Изготовление
Процесс изготовление деталей для лепнины на стене своими руками можно условно разделить на несколько этапов: создание эскиза, подготовка формы, изготовление лепнины, монтаж готового изделия.
Создание эскиза
Если вы не обладаете достаточно развитым воображением, эскиз для будущего декора можно найти в Интернете или литературе по архитектуре. Его необходимо распечатать в натуральную величину. По готовому эскизу из глины или пластилина вылепливается модель будущего элемента лепнины, но немного большего размера, нежели должен быть декор. Если самостоятельно подготовить модель не получается, можно купить готовую в строительном магазине из полиуретана. Пластилин тем хорош для работы, что его можно модифицировать в процессе, видоизменяя элементы.
Подготовка формы
Далее нужно создать форму для отлива лепнины. Для этого используется силикон. Пластилиновая модель обрабатывается разделительной смазкой, чтобы форма легко отделилась от макета.
Для изготовления формы нужно смешать силикон с маслом (это повышает эластичность). Его наносят кисточкой на модель, тщательно промазывая все углубления и мелкие детали. Мазки нужно делать плавно, чтобы не попадал воздух, иначе пузырьки испортят будущее изделие. После нанесения первого слоя силикона, можно укрепить форму, например, марлей.
Каждый слой силикона должен хорошо высохнуть (часа 2-3). В общем, форма должна получиться не менее 3 мм толщиной. Если изделие будет массивным, слой силикона можно сделать толще. И форму заливают в гипсовое основание. Изготавливается оно просто: нужно взять рамку из фанеры и прикрепить к ней форму. Пространство залить смесью клея, гипса и цемента. Такая конструкция поможет надёжно зафиксировать форму, чтобы она не деформировалась во время заполнения гипсом.
Изготовление лепнины
Приготовленную форму нужно хорошенько промазать разделительной смазкой, чтобы гипс не пристал к ней.
Далее готовится гипсовый раствор: 10 частей сухого гипса соединяются с 7 частями холодной воды, тщательно и быстро перемешиваются, так как гипс очень быстро застывает (за 2-3 минуты). Брать горячую воду не стоит, гипс застынет ещё быстрее. Для перемешивания лучше использовать дрель с насадкой-миксером. Для повышения пластичности и надёжности можно добавить немного растворённого в воде клея ПВА. По консистенции, должен получиться раствор, как жидкая сметана.
Раствор заливается в форму, равномерно распределяя вибрирующими движениями. Если есть очень мелкие детали, можно воспользоваться кисточкой, палочкой или маленьким шпателем. Верх нужно хорошенько выровнять шпателем. Сохнет изделие примерно 20 минут.
Лепнина легко извлекается из формы, если она была хорошо промазана разделительной жидкостью. Для полного высыхания изделие следует оставить в тёплом сухом помещении на сутки.
Монтаж готового изделия
Монтаж лепных изделий легко сделать самостоятельно. Лучше крепить детали на стену через 2-3 дня после их изготовления. Стену необходимо очистить от побелки и других отделочных материалов. Чётко определить границы будущего декора, можно сделать соответствующие насечки на стене. Лепнину тоже можно немного покрыть насечками с внутренней стороны для лучшего сцепления со стеной. Далее следует увлажнить стену и тыльную сторону клеящей детали водой, и нанести клей ПВА (можно использовать смесь гипса со столярным клеем).
Крепится деталь к стене притирающими движениями. Излишки клея или гипса можно удалить тканью или шпателем. Если детали очень большие и тяжёлые, можно воспользоваться саморезами, а потом закрыть шапочку гипсом. Стыки между деталями композиции тоже маскируются при помощи гипса.
Далее нужно обработать готовый декор. Сначала очистить от пыли, а потом покрасить. Для этого лучше брать водорастворимую эмульсионную краску для потолков. Если помещение имеет повышенную влажность, лепнину нужно покрыть влагоотталкивающими растворами.
Если у вас остались какие-то вопросы, предлагаем посмотреть следующее видео, где показан мастер класс по изготовлению лепнины своими руками.
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