Экранированный кабель можно купить в магазине. Заводская продукция отличается высоким качеством, надежностью оплетки. Самостоятельно экранировать провод достаточно сложно, так как защита помещается под основную оболочку. Она быстро повредится, если будет находиться с внешней стороны. Тем не менее иногда прибегают к подобным методам защиты проводов. В магазинах можно даже найти специальную оплетку и ленты фольги на клейкой основе. Использование самодельных экранов требует бережного отношения к проводнику.
Для чего нужен экран в кабелях – хорошо известно музыкантам. При использовании большого количества оборудования могут возникнуть помехи. Иногда с помощью обычной электрогитары и колонки ловят радио — это пример электромагнитных помех, от которых не защищен инструмент.
Чем экранируют провода?
Экранирование кабеля можно выполнить двумя способами: создать оплетку или покрытие из специальной фольги. Оба типа защиты обладают своими преимуществами и недостатками.
Фольга для экранирования кабеля представляет собой тонкий слой алюминия. Её преимущество заключается в полном покрытии всей площади изделия, минимальном количестве зазоров в защите. Но с материалом трудно работать, так как он тонкий. Возникают сложности при обмотке — нужно быть очень осторожным, чтобы не порвать полотно, особенно на местах соединения со штекерами. Экран заземляют, соединяя конец фольги и провод земли.
Оплетка — это сетка из луженной проволоки. Она достаточно крепкая, не рвется во время работы. Обеспечивает заземление с низким сопротивлением. Экранирующую сетку крепят к разъему посредством пайки или обжатия. Недостаток изделия в том, что на поверхности остаются бреши, через которые может проникать определенное количество помех. В зависимости от толщины и шага проволоки количество пробелов может составлять 5—30% от общей площади. Подобной плотности достаточно для стандартного кабеля.
Экранировка провода из медной проволоки — самая надежная, она защищает не только от внешних влияний, но и от наводок по цепям питания. Подобная защита повышает стоимость и массу продукции. Поэтому для изделий, которые будут использоваться в местах с нормальным количеством помех, целесообразно применять алюминиевые сетки.
В местах с повышенным объемом помех нужно защищать трассы комплексно — экранами обоих типов. Например, весь проводник обматывают сеткой, а его отдельные жилы – фольгой. Так создается дополнительная защита от перекрестных наводок между парами. Также возможно использовать несколько слоев одного и того же материала. Тогда экраны поддерживают друг друга, повышается прочность защиты на изгиб.
Это нужно учитывать при покупке
Практические рекомендации, которые помогут обеспечить эффективность экранирования:
В среде с умеренной электромагнитной зашумленностью целесообразно применение кабелей, экранированных фольгой.
При высокой зашумленности используют проводники с оплеткой или комбинацией сетки с фольгой.
Если в месте проложения есть опасность изгибающих нагрузок, необходим экранированный кабель, защита которого установлена в виде спирали. В противном случае оболочка быстро разорвется.
Перед прокладкой проверьте заземление оборудования. Если оно неправильно подключено, защита кабеля не даст никаких результатов — помехам некуда будет уходить. Чем ниже сопротивление заземляющего провода — тем лучше.
Провод заземляют только в одном конце, иначе можно получить помехи, создаваемые в самом заземляющем проводнике.
Экранированные изделия качественны настолько, насколько качественна самая плохая деталь. Лучшая оболочка не будет работать в полную меру своих возможностей, если в кабеле некачественный разъем. Обратное тоже верно.
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