Сегодня стало выгодным использование для отопления дома и нагрева воды солнечного коллектора. Солнечный коллектор — устройство, осуществляющее подогрев воды с помощью солнечной энергии. Работать такое устройство может и при пасмурной погоде за счет проходящего через тучи инфракрасного излучения.
Основными частями системы являются:
— солнечная панель;
— аквакамера;
— накопительный бак.
Самостоятельное изготовление
Собрать систему можно самостоятельно.
Самой удачной конструкцией является разработка Станислава Станилова, инженера из Болгарии. Принцип действия основан на использовании парникового эффекта. Коллектор являет собой трубчатый радиатор, полученный путем сварки стальных труб и помещенный в деревянную коробку с теплоизоляцией. Чтобы подвести и отвести воду, используются обычные водопроводные трубы, диаметр которых 1 дюйм или 3/4 дюйма.
Дно и стены коробки теплоизолируются эковатой, пенопластом, минеральной ватой или пенополистиролом. Наиболее тщательно необходимо изолировать дно, на которое сверху изоляции кладут лист оцинкованного железа, а затем ставят радиатор. Крепление радиатора к коробке осуществляется стальными хомутами. Далее коробку, кроме стеклянной крышки, красят белой краской, а радиатор и металлический лист — черной. Покровное стекло, пропускающее солнечный свет к радиатору, тщательно герметизируется. В качестве накопителя может использоваться металлическая бочка, которая помещается в фанерную или дощатую коробку, а затем теплоизолируется опилками, песком или керамзитом.
Необходимые материалы
Для изготовления солнечного коллектора понадобится:
— стекло, размером 1700/750 мм;
— оргалит для дна;
— рама под стекло;
— доска для короба, сечением 120/25 мм;
— уголок;
— стальная полоса длиной 3 м и сечением 20/2,5 мм;
— соединительная муфта;
— деревянный брус сечением 50/30 мм;
— труба радиатора;
— хомуты для крепления;
— оцинкованное железо;
— приёмная труба радиатора;
— бак объемом 200?300 литров;
— аквакамера;
— теплоизолятор.
Этапы изготовления
При изготовлении можно выделить этапы:
1. Сколачивают из досок короб и усиливают его брусом.
2. Дно короба утепляют теплоизоляционным материалом, а затем укладывают лист жести или железа.
3. Сверху с помощью стальных хомутов закрепляют радиатор. Изготовить радиатор можно из обрезков труб, соединив их между собой трубами меньшими по диаметру.
4. Замазывают стыки, щели, производят герметизацию соединений.
5. Для повышения эффективности работы красят в черный цвет металлический лист и трубы радиатора.
6. Выкрашивают бак для воды и короб в серебристый цвет. Бак помещают в короб, для утепления пространство между стенками короба и баком заполняют теплоизоляционным материалом.
7. С помощью аквакамеры с поплавковым клапаном (подобно бачку унитаза) создается постоянное небольшое давление. Аквакамеру можно купить в магазине сантехники.
8. Аквакамеру и бак для воды размещают под крышей на чердаке. Уровень воды в аквакамере должен быть выше чем уровень в баке на 80 см.
9. Панель коллектора помещают на крыше, желательно на южной стороне дома под углом к горизонту 45 градусов. Расстояние от бака до радиатора должно быть 70 см.
10. Соединение всех частей системы трубами. Участок от аквакамеры до ввода воды (высоконапорная часть системы) монтируется полудюймовыми трубами, а низконапорные части — дюймовыми. При этом количество труб зависит от расстояния между деталями коллектора.
11. Для того, чтобы не было воздушных пробок, заполнение системы водой производят с нижней части радиатора. После заполнения всей системы из трубки для дренажа пойдет вода.
12. Для наполнения бака открывают вентиль.
13. Вода быстро нагревается и поднимается вверх, вытесняя при этом холодную воду, а та автоматически попадает в радиатор.
14. Если часть воды используется, сработает поплавковый клапан аквакамеры и холодная вода опять поступит в нижнюю часть коллекторной системы. Процесса смешивания воды в данном случае не происходит.
Советы по монтажу
При изготовлении солнечного коллектора следует:
1. В нижней части системы установить вентили, позволяющие отвести лишний воздух.
2. Произвести теплоизоляцию труб с горячей водой.
3. Установить кран, перекрывающий подачу теплоносителя при резком похолодании, чтобы избежать повреждения системы.
Эти советы сделают вашу систему солнечного коллектора максимально эффективной. Чтобы избежать теплопотерь, желательно перекрывать поступление воды в бак ночью.
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