Одна из важнейших характеристик проводов и кабелей – сечение. От этого параметра зависит, какой максимальный ток может проходить через проводник, каков предел суммарной потребляемой мощности данной групповой линии. На практике это означает: сколько розеток, выключателей, стационарных электроприборов можно запитать от кабеля, насколько мощный прибор можно подключить к отдельному проводу. Выбор сечения кабеля – важная задача, которую необходимо решить при проектировании электропроводки в частном доме или квартире. Каким должно быть сечение кабеля по току и сечение кабеля по мощности в соответствии с ПУЭ, можно узнать из таблиц. Но прежде чем пользоваться такими таблицами, нужно выполнить некоторые расчеты.
Для начала нужно разобраться, что же такое сечение провода. Так называют площадь поперечного среза проводника (токонесущей, металлической части без учета изоляции). Измеряется этот параметр в мм кв., электрики для простоты называют их квадратами. Если проводка многожильная, площадь сечения провода или кабеля равна сумме поперечных срезов всех жил.
Почему важен расчет
При прохождении тока по сечению кабеля выделяется тепло, которое нагревает проводник и изоляцию. При допустимой температуре эксплуатации изоляция сохраняет целостность. Если эта температура превышена, изоляция обгорает, а в некоторых случаях даже начинает плавиться металл. Это может привести к воспламенению окружающих проводку материалов. Какое это имеет отношение к сечению провода?
Согласно закону Джоуля-Ленца, количество выделяемого тепла прямо пропорционально плотности тока.
Плотность тока прямо пропорциональна его силе и обратно пропорциональна сечению кабеля, провода.
Отсюда следует, что чем больше диаметр провода, тем меньше тепла будет выделяться при прохождении по нему тока определенной силы.
Зная законы физики, можно легко понять зависимость сечения кабельно-проводниковой продукции от силы тока и принцип выбора сечения кабеля по току. Чем больше ток, тем толще должен быть проводник, чтоб сократить потери электроэнергии, связанные с ее преобразованием в тепловую, и предотвратить расплавление, возгорание. Казалось бы, если выбрать для проводки в доме изделия максимального сечения, с запасом, этих проблем удастся избежать. Но все не так просто, такая проводка имеет свои минусы:
падение напряжения;
большой вес;
высокая стоимость.
Медь, которая используется для изготовления проводников, дорогой материал. Увеличение сечения медного провода приводит к повышению его стоимости. Алюминий дешевле, но отличается более высоким сопротивлением. Поэтому при аналогичной нагрузке в сети алюминиевые жилы должны быть толще медных.
Осуществляя расчет электропроводки в квартире, нужно учитывать, что сила тока в сети, в отличие от напряжения, не является постоянной величиной, а зависит от нагрузки. Для выбора сечения кабеля по мощности нужно предварительно посчитать суммарную нагрузку с учетом пиковой мощности каждого потребителя. И еще один момент необходимо учесть: при увеличении длины кабеля или провода возрастает его сопротивление, а значит, потери мощности. Осуществляя расчет мощности для домашней проводки, этими потерями можно пренебречь, поскольку ее суммарная протяженность не так велика. На более крупных объектах необходим расчет сечения кабеля по мощности и длине.
Расчет сечения по мощности и току
Выбор сечения провода начинается с подсчета суммарной мощности или потребляемого тока. Эти параметры указаны в паспортах электроприборов, на бирках, прикрепленных к корпусу. Если указан диапазон значений, при расчетах нужно ориентироваться на верхнее. Если прибор старый, документы найти не удается, бирка затерта, ориентировочные данные можно найти в таблицах.
Но мощность потребителей — не единственный фактор, на который нужно опираться при расчетах.
Основные принципы
Для выбора оптимального сечения провода по току и мощности необходимо учитывать ряд моментов:
материал жил и изоляции;
суммарная мощность электроприборов на данном участке;
номинальное напряжение (220 или 380 В);
тип сети – однофазная или трехфазная;
тип линии (напряжение до 1кВ или больше);
Также необходимо измерить протяженность кабельной линии и определить, можно ли пренебречь потерей мощности на длине. Имеет значение способ прокладки проводки (открытая или скрытая), температура воздуха в помещении. Открытая проводка отдает больше тепла в воздух, лучше охлаждается, а скрытая нагревается сильнее. Если проводка проложена внутри трубы, короба, риск перегрева тоже возрастает. Поэтому в таблицах, помогающих подобрать сечение провода, указаны разные цифры для скрытой и открытой проводки. Чтоб правильно рассчитать сечение провода для прокладки в помещениях с температурой выше комнатной, нужно применять поправочные коэффициенты. Горячий воздух замедляет охлаждение проводки, что может привести к превышению максимально допустимой эксплуатационной температуры.
При расчете сечения провода по мощности нужно помнить, что электрическая сеть разбивается на участки, и выбор кабеля или провода осуществляется с учетом нагрузки на конкретном участке. Прежде всего, нужно подобрать сечение кабеля для ввода в квартиру от распределительного щитка. Главное правило, как определить сечение кабеля: подсчитать суммарную мощность всех потребителей электроэнергии, имеющихся в квартире. При подборе сечения кабеля или провода для запитки отдельного помещения нужно суммировать нагрузку от всех приборов, включая осветительные, которые могут использоваться в нем одновременно. Желательно к посчитанной для каждого помещения нагрузке приплюсовывать мощность приборов, которые переносятся с места на место (утюг, фен, электродрель, вентилятор).
Рекомендуется делать отдельную разводку для группы освещения и группы розеток, а каждый мощный прибор (электрическую плиту, стиральную машину, обогреватель) запитывать индивидуальным проводом. Любой электрик знает, как выбрать сечение провода без лишних расчетов. Если провод типа ВВГ (с медными жилами, ПВХ-изоляцией и оболочкой) используется для группы освещения, достаточно сечения каждой жилы 1,5 мм кв. Для группы розеток нужен провод 3*2,5 мм кв.
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