Существуют разные способы соединения электрических проводов, кабеля, но наиболее надежным является сварка. Недостаточно плотный контакт проводов приводит к повышению переходного сопротивления в месте контакта, и, как следствие, к перегреву электропроводки. Наименее плотный контакт получается при скрутке, поэтому ПУЭ разрешают прибегать к этому способу без доработки только для временного соединения. Пайка, обжимка, клеммные колодки обеспечивают достаточно надежное соединение, но максимально долговечным и практически монолитным оно получается в результате сварки. Как осуществляется сварка проводов в распределительной коробке своими руками?
Виды сварочных аппаратов
Универсальный сварочный аппарат, которым пользуются профессионалы, очень громоздкий, так что сварочные работы приходится проводить в месте его установки. Такой аппарат генерирует ток большой силы, позволяет сваривать практически любые металлы и применяется при сборке электрооборудования. Но осуществлять с его помощью сварку жил кабеля в распределительном щитке, который находится в подъезде, или проводов в распаечной коробке внутри квартиры нереально, нужен мобильный компактный агрегат.
Для проводки в жилых домах в основном используют медные провода, в старых квартирах еще можно встретить алюминиевые. Температура плавления меди примерно1083°С, алюминий плавится всего при 660°С, поэтому для их сварки не нужен ток такой силы, как для работы с железом, сталью, и громоздкий универсальный аппарат излишен. Чем больше сечение кабеля, тем большей силы ток требуется для сварочных работ. Для домашней проводки достаточно тока до 160 А. Его могут обеспечить:
специализированные устройства, предназначенные исключительно для работы с медью и алюминием. Бытовая модель аппарата ТС 700-1 с выходным напряжением 12 В позволяет сваривать скрутки сечением до 16 мм, для работы с кабелем большего сечения необходимы профессиональные модели;
универсальные инверторные аппараты для бытовых нужд (РЕСАНТА САИ-160, FUBAG IQ 160, PFTRIOTMax Welder DC-200 C и другие). Они позволяют регулировать ток в диапазоне 10–160 А, некоторые выдают до 200 А.
Для постоянного использования в домашних условиях целесообразнее приобрести универсальный компактный инверторный аппарат. Специализированный лучше взять напрокат, поскольку сфера его применения ограничена. Достаточно устройства мощностью 4–5 Вт. Инверторные аппараты просты в работе, обеспечивают превосходное качество сварных соединений, отличаются низким энергопотреблением. Единственный их недостаток – высокая стоимость. Поэтому многие предпочитают самостоятельно изготавливать сварочные аппараты на базе трансформатора. У них есть свои недостатки – чувствительность к колебаниям входного напряжения, что приводит к недожиганию или пережиганию металла, залипанию электродов. Людям с отсутствием опыта сварочных работ лучше все же потратиться на приобретение или аренду инверторного аппарата.
Подготовка к сварке медных проводов
Сварка медных проводов осуществляется с применением электродов, угольных или графитовых. Они должны иметь медное покрытие, кроме того, придется периодически добавлять меди в процессе работы (обмеднять электроды). Для этой цели понадобятся медные присадочные прутки. Электроды можно заменить угольным стержнем, извлеченным из старой батарейки, или щеткой от коллекторного электродвигателя.
Температура плавления неметаллических электродов втрое превышает температуру плавления меди. Свариваемые проводники легко пережечь, поэтому контакт разогретого электрода со скруткой не должен быть слишком продолжительным. Для расплавления меди и образования прочного монолитного соединения достаточно 1-2 секунд.
Помимо аппарата и электродов понадобятся:
нож, пассатижи, кусачки для зачистки и скрутки жил кабеля;
флюс для растворения оксидной пленки;
термоусадочная трубка или изолента для последующей изоляции места соединения проводов;
защитные сварочные очки, рукавицы, спецодежда;
Перед началом работ необходимо отключить питание и с помощью тестера убедиться в отсутствии напряжения, а также надеть спецовку и средства индивидуальной защиты. Затем формируется скрутка: концы жил кабеля зачищаются от изоляции минимум на 50 мм, скручиваются вместе и подравниваются с торца кусачками. Когда скрутка готова, можно приступать непосредственно к сварке.
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