При монтаже сетей освещения и силовых систем широко применяется провод ППВ. Состоит он из двух или трёх цельнотянутых медных жил сечением 1,5-4 мм, уложенных в одной плоскости и защищённых поливинилхлоридной оболочкой. Окраска проводов выполняется на усмотрение производителя.
Очевидная выгода не всегда целесообразна
Выбирая провод для монтажа электропроводки, обращайте внимание на обозначения, нанесённые на его поверхности и приводимые на этикетке. Подобный подход поможет избежать ненужных расходов. Допустим, для соединения источника тока с розеточной группой был приобретён провод, имеющий маркировку АППВ 2х2,5. Решающей причиной для выбора явилась более низкая цена по сравнению с другими схожими изделиями.
Однако последующая расшифровка буквенных и цифровых символов непременно разочарует. Перед нами не что иное, как две плоские алюминиевых жилы в поливинилхлоридной изоляции номинальным сечением одной из них 2,5 мм. Большой трагедии нет, квартирная осветительная сеть может быть выполнена из этого металла, но для ввода розеточной группы и питания мощных токоприемников обычно применяется медь. Ведь вследствие высокой окисляемости алюминия на открытом воздухе и его хрупкости подобное электротехническое изделие хуже приспособлено для длительных токовых нагрузок.
В наше время стала чаще применяться так называемая омедненная проводка, в составе которой медь является только тонким наружным слоем жилы. А в основании применяются комбинированные сплавы из стали, алюминия, цинка и прочих металлов. Такие изделия имеют хорошую устойчивость к изгибу, они более жёстки, показывают лучшую надёжность на местах соединения, стоят дешевле, но по проводимости уступают не только меди, но и алюминию. Поэтому, если есть возможность (и потребность) – приобретайте чистый медный провод (ППВ).
Маркировка электротехнических изделий для передачи тока от источника к потребителю
Чтение маркировки выполняется по следующему порядку:
Первый символ указывает на материал, из которого изготовлена жила. По умолчанию это медь, буква «М» не пишется. Если применён алюминий, ставится буква «А».
Следующий символ (буква «П») сообщает, что перед нами провод. Следовательно,словосочетание «кабель ППВ» лишено смысла, поскольку при маркировке кабеля указывается литера «К». С другой стороны, околотехническая литература подобное наименование использует постоянно, поэтому встретив его, следует понимать, что речь идёт всё-таки о проводе.
Вторая буква «П» указывает на то, что поверхность изделия плоская.
«В» – это ПВХ, поливинилхлорид из которого изготовлена изоляция.
Следующий цифровой символ говорит о количестве жил.
Затем через тире приводится номинальное сечение жилы.
Максимально допустимое напряжение завершает буквенно-цифровой ряд.
Далее указывается стандарт (ГОСТ), а также технические условия (ТУ), по которым изготовлено данное изделие, что, несомненно, тоже может пригодиться. Введя их наименование в строку поиска браузера, легко получить доступ к подробным техническим требованиям на провод или кабель.
Технические условия
Провод ППВ покрывается одним слоем изоляции, на нём не должно быть вмятин, допускающих выход за нижний предел, и утолщений, говорящих о превышении максимума отклонений. Жилы изделия изолируются разделительным ленточным основанием, его толщина должна быть 0,50 мм, а ширина – 1 мм. В зависимости от номинального сечения высчитывается требуемая (номинальная) толщина изоляции, что видно из таблицы, приведенной ниже.
Изоляция плотно прилегает к токопроводящим жилам и легко отделяется при необходимости. Максимальные наружные размеры проводов марки ППВ соответствуют следующей нижеприведённой таблице.
Провод без ограничения по времени выдерживает высокую токовую нагрузку. Её пределы зависят от сечений, посмотреть их можно в таблице ниже.
Превышать допустимый ток нельзя, хотя поливинилхлоридная оболочка не поддерживает процесс горения, её продолжительный нагрев ведёт к снижению и потере электроизоляционных свойств. Что, соответственно, может привести к замыканию токоведущих жил.
Эксплуатация
Стационарные осветительные и силовые сети, проложенные в закрытых помещениях или под навесом, являются основной сферой использования провода ППВ. Кроме того, он применяется для установки электрооборудования номинальным напряжением до 450 В (частотой до 400 Гц) переменного тока или постоянного напряжения до 1000 В.
Эксплуатироваться провод может при температуре от -50 до +70°С и 100% влажности воздуха, однако нельзя выполнять его монтаж при преодолении нижнего температурного порога в -15°С. Изделие не поддерживает горение в случае одиночного прокладывания, оно устойчиво к воздействию плесени. Срок службы проводов марки ППВ составляет не меньше 15 лет.
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