Чтобы не слышать постоянно лишний шум от соседей и не мешать им самим, а также избежать конфликтов на этой почве в квартирах или отдельных помещениях выполняется звукоизоляция.
Виды шума
Все звуки можно классифицировать на следующие виды:
Воздушный. К нему можно отнести разговор, крик, то есть звуки, которые передаются воздушным путем. Данный вид звука проникает в помещения через щели, окна и двери.
Ударный. Этот вид шума очень знаком всем жителям многоэтажных домов. К нему можно отнести работающий перфоратор, дрель и иное оборудование. Такой звук попадает в помещение через перекрытия стен. Разумеется, чем ближе находится источник шума, тем громче слышится исходящий грохот.
Структурный. Данный вид звука передается от вибраций. Фактически он довольно схож со звуком, описанным во втором пункте, и иногда их рассматривают как один вид звука.
Существует несколько способов для борьбы с лишними звуками:
рассеивание звуковых волн;
поглощение волны звука;
отражение звуковых волн
препятствие для вибраций.
Важно: Следует знать, что шумоизоляция дома выполняет две основные функции: во-первых, звукоизоляция, то есть отражаются все звуки, которые исходят от соседей, во-вторых, звукопоглощение, то есть распространяющиеся в квартире звуковые волны поглощаются шумоизоляцией, и соседи также не услышат исходящий шум.
Первой и основной преградой для проникновения шума в здание являются стены, поэтому качественно выполненные звукоизолирующие стены являются залогом уютного и спокойного проживания в доме или квартире.
Материалы для шумоизоляции
Качество шумоизоляции во многом зависит от используемых в строительстве материалов. Однако, к сожалению, в большинстве случаев используется небольшое количество материалов в целях экономии, а их качество в свою очередь не всегда соответствует требуемым показателям, вследствие чего не обеспечивается достойная защита от нежелательного шума, в частности касательно ударного и структурного видов шума.
Самый распространенный классический метод борьбы против шума – это увеличение толщины стен дома. Толстые стены ослабевают звуковые волны, и благодаря этому мы слышим меньше звуков. Именно поэтому стены, например, церквей, соборов и крепостей иногда имеют стены толщиной до нескольких метров, чтобы обеспечить идеальную тишину внутри здания. Это говорит о том, что в предыдущие века не было экономии на материалах, и стены возводились из обычного натурального камня, обладающего высоким уровнем звукоизоляции. Однако в наши дни использование такого материала непрактично.
В целях шумоизоляции также применяют стекловату, минеральную вату, пенопласт и звукоизолирующие плиты. В квартирах и домах крайне не рекомендуется использовать пенопласт, так как из-за него стены помещения «не дышат».
Сейчас на рынке также представлены несколько видов готовых панелей для шумоизоляции. При абсолютной ровности стен для установления таких панелей потребуется обрешетка. Панели крепят к обрешетке посредством жидких гвоздей и соединяют друг с другом «шип-паз» методом. Это довольно простой способ звукоизоляции стен, с получением красиво декорированной поверхности стен, так как у готовых панелей имеется уже готовая бумажная либо тканевая отделка.
Стоимость таких панелей составляет около 750 рублей за квадратный метр. Панели достаточно легки по весу – около 4 килограмм. Таким способ рекомендуется выполнять шумоизоляцию всего помещения, а не одной стены, в целях сохранения целостности декоративного вида интерьера.
Доказано, что при переходе через разные среды, сила звуковой волны сильно убавляется. Исходя из этого, были разработаны многослойные звукоизолирующие материалы. Такой метод звукоизоляции не требует возведения стен и перегородок большой толщины.
Порядок работы
Процесс звукоизоляции стен квартиры следует начать с внимательного поиска всех трещин и отверстий на поверхности стен. В первую очередь именно их необходимо найти и как следует зашпаклевать. Это самый важный этап шумоизоляции и звукоизоляции помещения.
Следующий этап звукоизоляции помещения касается розеток, которые представляют собой один из основных источников шума, преимущественно в панельных домах.
Перед выполнением звукоизоляции розетки важно полностью выключить все электричество в доме. Как правило, это делается, выкрутив пробки либо опустив автомат вниз в щитке электричества в подъезде. Настоятельно рекомендуется даже после выключения всего электричества посредством тестера проверить на наличие тока все розетки.
Убедившись, что ток отключен, розетку разбирают и полностью вытаскивают. Отверстие заполняется пенопластом, поролоном или стекловолокном. Далее отверстие розетки обязательство заделывается раствором гипса либо любым видом быстровысыхающей строительной смеси.
Следующим этапом звукоизоляции и шумоизоляции квартиры либо дома является герметизация труб отопления там, где они соединяются со стеной. Это также важный аспект процедуры звукоизоляции. Мы должны понимать, что лишь все наши действия в совокупности приведут к ожидаемому результату.
Посредством эластичного герметика заделываются все швы между стенами и срубами. Эта процедура делается для того, чтобы во время температурных перепадов вся проделанная работа не была испорчена.
Далее делается каркас будущей звукоизоляции. Для каркаса рекомендуется применять специальный шумопоглощающий крепеж. Не рекомендуется крепить звукоизолирующие материалы непосредственно к стене. Необходимо отступить от нее приблизительно на 2 сантиметра. Желательно подложить под звукоизолирующий профиль материал из резины или пробки для обеспечения виброизоляции. В готовых сооруженный каркас закладывается материал, поглощающий звуки – стекловата, минеральная вата и т.д. Следующим слоем к профилю при помощи саморезов прикручивается гипсокартон. Гипсокартон является замечательным шумоизолирующим материалом.
Техника возведения каркаса из профилей для гипсокартона а также все работы с листами гипсокартона рассмотрены в статье «Самостоятельное возведение стен из гипсокартона».
В случае выполнения звукоизоляции посредством специальных шумоизолирующих плит, сначала крепятся плиты, только потом делается обрешетка гипсокартона. Также возможно приклеивание гипсокартона непосредственно на плиты, но дополнительная прослойка воздуха между материалом шумоизоляции и гипсокартоном значительно улучшит функцию звукоизоляции.
Выполнив все необходимые работы с гипсокартоном, можно приступив к клейке обоев либо к покраске стены.
Не смотря на выполненную шумоизоляцию помещения или дома, не стоит забывать об общеприняты правилах поведения и уважать спокойствие окружающих, не переходя рамки дозволенного шума.
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